black population in sacramento ca

1,111,994. [59], Your Black Muslim Bakery was a chain of bakeries opened by Yusuf Bey in 1968 in Santa Barbara, and moved headquarters in 1971 to Oakland;[60] it had been a model of African American economic self-sufficiency but was later linked to physical and sexual abuse, welfare fraud, and murder which forced it's closure on August 9, 2007. People who identify as hispanic are most likely to be living in the northwest places. they have a Sacramento chapter dedicated to ensuring the Homeownership became even more elusive after the last crash, when investors bought up thousands of houses and turned them into rentals. preserving the legacy of African ancestry,services to the services,nationalandinternational The three most popular states for Black ex-Californians were Nevada, Texas and Georgia, reflecting both a national reversal of last centurys Great Migration and movement to emerging middle class hubs for Black homeownership, education and entrepreneurship. Female. This southeast neighborhood is just outside downtown Sacramento, making it ideal for professionals working downtown. In the post-frontier days, the West End was where immigrant workers laid down community networks. SACRAMENTO, Calif. Passionate voices filled a downtown auditorium on Friday during an intense discussion over whether Blacks and other historically disenfranchised Americans should receive . The Census Bureau releases annual provisional population estimates based on the previous decennial census and other data on births, deaths, and migration/immigration. Users should exercise caution when comparing 2017-2021 ACS 5-year estimates to other ACS estimates. In California, Black people constituted 6% of state residents, but 20% of people in jail and 28% of people in prison. As most scholars and historians agree, an increase in the diversity in America is a good thing. gap. We demand that all Black people in the 95817, 95825, 95843, 95670, 95838, 95815 zip codes immediately receive no-cost universal testing and re-testing, and access to no cost PPE. participating children, by bringing the children together in a life in the African-American community through one-on-one Reparations for Black people, who as a demographic are disproportionately affected in this moment as a result of historic structural, institutional, and systemic racism . Contact. within their community all within the same organization. Dr. Timothy Fong, professor of ethnic studies at California State University, Sacramento, agrees with the assessment . culture of wealth by working diligently to close the achievement "We are asking for the . The Links is a volunteer service organization of Sacramentos Cities where Black families bought houses in large numbers became epicenters of the foreclosure crisis. If history holds true, many transplants will follow a path a lot like the one Kinaya Anderson took from Carson to the high desert outside Victorville, where she works for a nonprofit. Since 1983, the prison custody population has increased 225%. Overall hate crimes increased from . TheSacramento Black Professionals Meetupis a group of White. teenage girls with theirFostering Hope programand are More by Lauren Hepler, Sharie Wilson in the kitchen of her remodeled Elk Grove home on June 22, 2020. [11] California claimed 113,255 Sub Africans in 2000. . The Black community is prevalent in Alameda, Contra Costa, San Francisco, and Solano Counties in the San Francisco Bay Area, Sacramento County, and San Joaquin . Nigel Duara and Matt Levin contributed to this story. Different vintage years of estimates are not comparable. community organization to be apart of if youre looking stay [61][62], In 1991, Rodney King, an African American, was the victim of police brutality when he was beaten by three Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officers during his arrest. [106], Rev. for African-American students(which includes ayouth We used science and data to determine which cities in California have the largest African American population. Any comparison of data from before 1990 only includes the white, Black, and Other race/ethnicity categories. Map. Sacramento city, California. PDF Version. From there, in some cases, property values sink, tax rolls shrivel and public services like schools start to decline. It was riddled with racial slurs and said to get out soon., It didnt make me want to leave, Wilson said. [73], In 2020, anti-black hate crimes in California has increased. Population with Age and Sex Detail, 1970-1989. children (ages 2-19). Yay! [15] African Americans migrated from Southern states like Oklahoma, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas to California during the Second Great Migration. There are more white people in the northeast areas of the city. She left in 2000 to get away from gang violence and made a stop in Sacramento to work for the state, which she alleged in a lawsuit was marred by racial discrimination. [6], The Black community is prevalent in Alameda, Contra Costa, San Francisco, and Solano Counties in the San Francisco Bay Area, Sacramento County, and San Joaquin County. Inglewood took the number one over all spot for the largest Black population in California for 2023. The interactive map presents detailed crime and incarceration numbers, rates, and trends for California and each of its 58 counties. Asian. We just took a step away and kept talking about Magic Johnson and the Lakers, said King, now a 50-year-old father of four. Marcus was raised in Sacramento and is excited to be . Sacramento Urban League, affording young adults, age 21-40, a This underestimate is, effectively, zero for 2010 and grows each year to reach 1% by 2020. Sometimes you have to switch things up and try something a bit Multiple/Other. For population by age, USAFacts grouped people ages 04 in different ways depending on the census. [37] The Sweet Vengeance Mine was a gold mine in Browns Valley, discovered by African American miners during the Gold Rush. Print. Jack and Jillssole purpose is exposure with business referrals, entrepreneur education and If you think you have been blocked in error, contact the owner of this site for assistance. The organizationsprimary goal is to Please check them out and lend your support. Sacramento, CA 95826 . The number of Black residents in the Sacramento region rose by about 9,000, or 6%. [87][88], The Phoenixonian Institute of San Jose was the first high school for African American students in the state, it opened in 1861 as a private boarding school and closed in the mid-1870s when the state public schools were no longer segregated. At a Black population of 20.1%, you'll find more black professionals and singles in this neighborhood than others in Sacramento. African-American adults with cancer are woefully underrepresented in cancer trials and are much less likely to survive prostate cancer, breast cancer, and lung cancer than their white counterparts. Many African Americans who settled in California, likewise in Oakland, worked on the railroad in Oakland and East Bay areas in the early-to-mid 1900s. African American Californians, or Black Californians are residents of the state of California who are of African ancestry. The U.S. Black population is young and growing. distance on issues regarding African Americans and our 95822. What is the population density of Sacramento, California? economic civil rights of all minority persons living in the city Indivizible gives Members are currentlyawaiting social activistJohn [74][75][76][77] In 20202022, the COVID-19 deaths rose for African Americans in California, which had the lowest vaccination rates in the state. You will then receive an email that helps you regain access. The owner of this site is using Wordfence to manage access to their site. [18] For example, many blacks from Los Angeles have moved to desert areas such as Palmdale and Lancaster in the 1990s. We aim to deliver infotainment about where you live that your real estate agent won't tell you. You can find our submission guidelines here. The first time Cierra Washington-Griffin left California was in 2010, when she was 23 and fresh off a breakup. You can download the data here. HTML tags will be transformed to conform to HTML standards. [22], The black population has decreased in many neighborhoods and cities in California. Where do the black people live in Sacramento? [90] African American students in lower education increased from 24 pupils in 1870, to 183 pupils by the late 19th-century; and they ranked the highest performing students in literacy subjects in 1900. Its probably going to intensify.. We will update this experience, including the 2010-2019 estimates, when the Bureau releases county-level 20102020 intercensal estimates by age, sex, race, and ethnicity. California cities make up seven of the top 10 US urban centers with the most diverse populations . afterSpeaker Seriesthis year, there are still a few All rights reserved. skills. (YEA), which is available to young adults age 16 to 23 with at California State Capitol - West Steps Sacramento, CA. We limited our analysis to non-CDPs with a population greater than 5,000 people. Ultimately, fostering an An official website of the United States government. Elk Grove is currently growing at a rate of 1.28% annually and its population has increased by 3.94% since the most recent census, which recorded a population of 176,124 in 2020. out of the box and theSacramento Black Professionals Meetup There were also many mulattoes (part black, part Spanish) in Alta California. [63][64][65] The Rodney King beating was caught on videotape, and after the police acquittal verdict the event was followed by the 1992 Los Angeles riots. [98][99], Kamala Harris is the first African American female Vice President, and she was born and raised in California. We use data, analytics, and a sense of humor to determine the dirt on places across the country. those in need. LancasterOverall SnackAbility6/10Population: 171,820% African American: 19.96%# Of African American Residents: 34,297Percent Change Since 2010: 23.33%More on Lancaster: Real Estate|Data|PhotosSource: Wikipedia User City of Lancaster Lancast | CC BY-SA 3.08. [32] Juana Briones de Miranda was a Californio business woman of mixed race with African ancestry, she is considered the "Founding Mother of San Francisco", as an early settler of Yerba Buena (now San Francisco). Suisun CityOverall SnackAbility8/10Population: 29,436% African American: 19.2%# Of African American Residents: 5,651Percent Change Since 2010: -0.72%More on Suisun City: Real Estate|Data|PhotosSource: Public domainif(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'roadsnacks_net-large-mobile-banner-2','ezslot_13',700,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-roadsnacks_net-large-mobile-banner-2-0');10. Our Safe Black Space Mind Body Spirit Resource Guide is a working list of local Black owned or run resources that are effectively serving members of the Black community. The desert communities that make up Victor Valley have their issues its been tense lately, and none of the politicians look like him but King mostly found what he was looking for in a sprawling home with a tennis court, a pool and clear views of the surrounding hills. quality of public and private resources for the growth and Upper Land Park is family and pet-friendly overall, with a Black population that makes up 12.9% of the total neighborhood population. We used science and data to determine which cities in California have the largest African American population. There arent many organizations that allow mothers and daughters More information about formatting options, 10 Important African American Organizations In Sacramento You Should Know. Since the inception of100 Black Men of Sacramentoback Tensions are high after the late May death of Malcolm Harsch, 38, who was found hanging from a tree near a Victorville library. He originally worked for Movoto Real Estate as the director of marketing before founding HomeSnacks. Similarly Sized Cities In California US Rank Name Population Growth 2000-2021; 10: San Jose . [34], After the discovery of gold in California on January 24, 1848, African Americans in search of wealth, and freedom arrived in the state during the California Gold Rush seeking their own gold discoveries. Within a month, she had a car, a job at a hotel and a two-bedroom duplex that cost $450 a month a rapid shift to financial independence that had seemed impossible back home. He settled in Apple Valley and now serves as assistant superintendent of a charter school. Hope Bryant, CEO of Jamba JuiceJames Wrightand Table. Monday/Tuesday - closed. You dont know where you can go and be safe, Daniels said. most talented professional women, committed to enriching, [16], The black population in California has been declining. After white flight, Black flight had accelerated in the 1980s. In 2009, CJCJ developed the California Sentencing Institute as the foundation for data and research driven commentary on the broader public policy dialogue. Accessibility Certification Racial Equity Action . In L.A. Council District 8, which encompasses Crenshaw, Leimert Park and Baldwin Hills, a 2018 survey aimed to decipher a 42% drop in the areas Black population in recent years. Most exiting California blacks are returning to Texas and the Atlanta metropolitan area. Sacramento has a rich and vibrant history which goes back to 1839 when John Sutter arrived on the shore near the confluence of the American and Sacramento River. If you are a WordPress user with administrative privileges on this site, please enter your email address in the box below and click "Send". The Census Bureaus Population Estimates Program data by county includes details like counts by age, race, or ethnicity and goes back for decades. Protect your nonprofit, nonpartisan state news. Phone: (916) 333-0613. [47][48] Edward Duplex was the first Black mayor in California, elected to office in Wheatland in 1888. offers African American and other minority citizens an survival of African-Americans and persons of African descent. considerable crowd, as well as get you motivated for growth. And impatient. Fax: (855 . [69], In the 2010s, California was a net loser of black migration for the first time in three decades. development of disadvantaged youths.. empowermentand asummer program for high school Three days on a Greyhound from her hometown of Sacramento to Fort Benning, Georgia, gave her plenty of time to think about starting over. What are people saying about soul food restaurants in Sacramento, CA? networking and mixers, a professional meeting space, increased Read more. When you click through real estate links on our site, we earn an affiliate commission. their annual group trip, all while making new professional Address: 520 9th Street, Suite 100 Sacramento, CA 95814. Washington worked as a nurse, and by the time her children were having children in the 80s, the Bay Area seemed too fast. youth, humanhealth and human [57], Before World War II, African Americans totaled to less than one percent of California's population. [93] In 2022, Blacks in California have died at a higher rate than other ethnic groups in from COVID-19 and had the lowest COVID-19 vaccination rates. ", Bradford, Eric. In Southern California, the population is concentrated in Los Angeles County, San Bernardino County, and San Diego County. local community outreach programs. trendsand services that serve the needs of people of - Melinda Davis, 57. "It is carried out in the dark, of a population . [27][28] Spanish soldiers, priests, and settlers brought black slaves and free blacks into the state in the 18th-century. tosignificantly increase the quality of life of the . If you've been looking for a place to live in the past several years, you've probably stumbled upon his writing already. lose, within the educational, political and economic - Sergio Harris, 38. New data shows that the COVID-19 mortality rate is 2.4 times higher for Black Americans than it is for white Americans . school/college scholarship awards. about 80 percent of the rate in the Sacramento-Roseville-Folsom, CA Metro Area: 5.9% 110,465; a little higher than the rate in California: 4.4% . The Sacramento Bee's Equity Lab, in partnership with the Nehemiah Emerging Leaders Program, is debuting the Top 25 Black Change Makers, a roster of people who are transforming Sacramento and . In Los Angeles, white households have a median net worth of $355,000, compared to $4,000 for Black households, according to an analysis by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. Asian. We can't . Their ; Videotaped Beating by Officers Puts Full Glare on Brutality Issue", "THE POLICE VERDICT; Los Angeles Policemen Acquitted in Taped Beating", "A Detailed Look at the Downside of California's Ban on Affirmative Action", "Antioch Council hires first African American as City Attorney", "These Are The 10 California Cities With The Largest Black Population For 2019", "Anti-Black, gay, Asian bias fuel California hate crime surge", "Anti-Black and Asian bias fuel California hate crime surge", "California hate crime up 31% in 2020, led by anti-Black bias", "COVID-19 has turned deadlier for Black Californians, who have the state's lowest vaccination rate", "African-American COVID-19 deaths 'disproportionately' high in California", "Coronavirus appears twice as deadly for blacks as whites in California", "The Black Press in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1856-1900", "The world comes calling at the Pan African Film & Arts Festival", "San Diego Black Film Festival has new venues", "San Diego Black Film Festival Celebrates 15th Year", "Tanya Kersey, founder of the Hollywood Black Film Festival, dies at 61", "Elizabeth Thorn Scott Flood, Educator born", "From Roberts to Plessy: Educational Segregation and the "Separate but Equal" Doctrine", "Exit poll results and analysis for the 2020 presidential election", "Just the Facts: Race and Voting in California", "African Americans in California (id: H001075)", Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, "B03002 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY RACE - California - 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates", Fil-Am singer H.E.R. In 1848, one African American man named Hector deserted his naval squadron ship Southampton at . There are so many reasons you should be at the next Indivizible . Nearly 75,000 Black Californians left the state in 2018, according to a CalMatters analysis of federal estimates, compared to 48,000 Black people who moved in. [52], In the 1920s during the end of the Barbary Coast-era, Terrific Street was an entertainment district in San Francisco and it was home to numerous black and tan clubs (interracial clubs that often highlighted African American culture). economic structure for Sacramentos business community. Flood. awesome organization to be apart of. Burnett wasn't alone in his vision of a California that banned Black people. Additionally, 28.9% of the population identifies as . But as most of the country struggled to get through the market collapse, Black people lost their homes and fast. [7][bettersourceneeded], California also has a growing Afro-Caribbean and Sub Saharan African population to the United States. sustaining and ensuring the identities, culture and economic Her research found that some L.A. transplants to the Inland Empire did find upward mobility in the 80s and 90s. [70] In 2018, there are Black neighborhoods and cities with Black populations surpassing 15% in Southern California like in Compton, South Los Angeles and Inglewood, and in Northern California like Stockton,[71] Oakland, and Vallejo. [89], In 1874, the California Supreme Court established the notion of "separate but equal" schools in Ward v. [45][46], Archy Lee had been formerly enslaved African-American and he was part of a series of notable 19th-century court cases that helped defined civil rights in the state by 1858. This trend is affected by the many Black residents leaving the city for the suburbs or other states, according to census data. LaShai Daniels didnt know how much to worry about real estate if she wanted to stay close to home. Between 2019 and 2020 the population of Sacramento, CA grew from 500,930 to 503,482, a 0.509% increase and its median household income grew from $62,335 to $65,847, a 5.63% increase. social events. [94], 82% of African Americans in California voted for Joe Biden in a exit poll in 2020. color and the overall empowerment of women of color. ET on Saturday, 3/4/2023. Sacramento California Los Angeles San Francisco . CalMatters is a nonprofit newsroom and your tax-deductible donations help us keep bringing you and every Californian essential, nonpartisan information. Sacramento has a total incorporated area of 99.2 square miles, of which 97.2 square miles is land and 2 square miles is water. friends. OaklandOverall SnackAbility7/10Population: 437,548% African American: 21.61%# Of African American Residents: 94,543Percent Change Since 2010: -12.85%More on Oakland: Real Estate|Data|PhotosSource: Wikipedia User Basil D Soufi | CC BY-SA 3.06. Los Angeles and Sacramento, which are . Photo by Anne Wernikoff for CalMatters. Generated by Wordfence at Sat, 4 Mar 2023 15:31:22 GMT.Your computer's time: document.write(new Date().toUTCString());. CarsonOverall SnackAbility8/10Population: 95,104% African American: 22.21%# Of African American Residents: 21,126Percent Change Since 2010: 1.07%More on Carson: Real Estate|Data|PhotosSource: Wikipedia User Laurie Avocado | CC BY 2.05. resume posting and considerable member discounts. Latinx Californians were more likely to have incomes below the federal poverty level and to report being uninsured. [95][96] 82% of African American voters are registered as Democrats. Increasing death rates and shorter life expectancies were growing concerns even before COVID-19. communities by implementing programs, securing In 2000, just before Wilson left L.A., California had the countrys second-largest Black population at more than 2.2 million people. The black population in Los Angeles County has been rapidly declining. Now, as Black Lives Matter protests collide with anxiety about COVID-19s disproportionate Black death toll and anxiety about a coming wave of evictions, at issue is whether these overlapping crises will accelerate Californias Black exodus or force a reckoning both inside and outside major cities. 30), Los Angeles, California African American Museum, Los Angeles, African American Museum and Library at Oakland (2008), The first African American newspaper in California is thought to be the Mirror of the Times, published in the mid-1850s. Its nothing like the neighborhood where she grew up in South Central L.A. As a member youcan expect togain skills that be one of the most powerful economic and political forces in our (3)[82] Other Californian publications about African Americans include the California Eagle, California Voice, and Los Angeles Sentinel. Jack and Jillis a social organization for mothers and their Its just sad now that weve come so far to still be in the same place.. By DON THOMPSON June 30, 2021. Her grandmother was born in Little Rock, Arkansas, and she sees things differently. [52] More information appeared in journals such as The Journal of Negro history and The Journal of African American History. She lived in her car and sometimes stayed with friends a rubber-band state between housed and unhoused. For those who move in hopes of changing those daunting numbers, the challenge today is finding a window of opportunity, said Deirdre Pfeiffer, an associate professor of geography and urban planning at Arizona State University. We wanted something different for the kids, Washington said on a recent 100-degree day at a park in Elk Grove, where she moved after the house she rented in Sacramento was sold. This resource is designed to provide comprehensive . Read on for more information on how the cities in California ranked by population of African American residents or, for a more general take on diversity in America, head over to our ranking of the most diverse cities in America. Next 10 CitiesMethodology: How We Determined The Cities In California With The Largest Black Population For 2023We still believe in the accuracy of data -- especially from the census. Over a third of the U.S. Black population (35%) was 22 years or younger in 2019. An estimated 24,000 moved from the Bay Area to Sacramento in 2017, and 27,000 moved in 2018, according to the Greater Sacramento Economic Council. They came from Ethiopia, Nigeria, and South Africa. A study by The OBSERVER, published in early May, showed that African Americans make up 15 percent of the country's population but 52 percent of the homeless population. contains all the data for the counties for that year. Sacramento is currently growing at a rate of 1.09% annually and its population has increased by 3.34% since the most recent census, which recorded a population of 524,943 in 2020. Most Sub Saharan Africans in California come from Ethiopia and Eritrea. African American Californians, or Black Californians are residents of the state of California who are of African ancestry. Join Now. Inglewood took the number one over all spot for the largest Black population in California for 2023. . Blacks having been leaving California and moving out of the state along with whites. Any comparison with the 1990 census to newer data will include the white, Black, and two categories added that year: American Indian/Alaska Native and Asian or Pacific Islander.. He believes the key to finding the right place to live comes down to looking at the data, reading about things to do, and, most importantly, checking it out yourself before you move. Most of the big Black-led social service providers and political advocacy groups are still back in the city. Their vision is to create a positive impact in Sacramentos 51.44%. Chart. [13] There is also a small Bahamian, Barbadian, Bermudan, British West Indian, Dutch West Indian, and Trinidadian population in California. Peter William Cassey helped form two new Black Episcopalian churches in San Francisco; "Christ's Mission Church" (or Christ Mission Church), and he worked closely with the congregation from what later became St. Cyprians Church, however neither group had a building at that time. White 1 Hispanic 2 Black Asian Mixed 1 Other 1 - Joshua Hoye-Lucchesi, 32 . . Shed never been called the n-word before she moved there, either. SACRAMENTO California's Reparations Task Force voted Tuesday to define those who are eligible for reparations as descendants of African Americans enslaved in the U.S. or of free Black people . It made me want to force them to understand who I am, what Im about, and that I add value to this community just like everybody else.. Though Black people make up less than 6% of Californias total population, about 40% of the states homeless residents are Black. 22% Asian and 12% black. "Free African American Population in the U.S.: 1790-1860. Sacramento's first Black-owned newspaper, Sacramento Forum, published its only issue in 1906, before its publisher, Rev. They moved to the cow town of Sacramento, and she never regretted moving to California. workshops offer lessons in credit management, investing, saving, YEAprovides students with theoretical and practical tools In 2015, pretrial detainees constituted 53% of the total jail population in California. When Peter Burnett took the podium in Sacramento in 1849, . After the Fair Housing Act outlawed redlining and other legal forms of housing discrimination 50 years ago, author Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor writes that they were replaced by a system of predatory inclusion, where Black residents were targeted for bad loans and higher interest rates on properties less likely to sharply appreciate. They describe themselves as 525,028), including age, race, sex, income, poverty, marital status, education and more. further your education, job developmentand management Shes now an organizer with Black-led activist group Moms 4 Housing, which has helped pay hotel bills during the pandemic. Roughly half of the 316 jaywalking tickets issued in 2016 were to black people, the . At least 18 people were injured, six fatally, when a mass shooting erupted early Sunday in downtown Sacramento, California, and police said no suspects were in custody. minority persons. Specifically, we looked at table B03002: Hispanic OR LATINO ORIGIN BY RACE. And if you already knew these places were Black, check out the best places to live in California or the most diverse places in California.The 10 Blackest Cities In California For 20231. in the society-at-large, improving the environment of their California has one of the highest concentrations of black Sub Saharan Africans. talks of her Pinoy roots and writing the song featured in movie Judas and the Black Messiah, Blasians to Celebrate During Black History Month (and Every Other Month), "See All Our Favorite Celebrity 'Blasians' In Honor Of Asian Pacific American Heritage Month", Doja Cat denies 'stripping for white supremacists' and using racist insults, African American History in Mexican California, Black-Latino tensions on rise in California, https://www.nps.gov/juba/learn/historyculture/afro-latinos.htm, https://hyperallergic.com/494309/california-bound-california-african-american-museum/, https://theconversation.com/the-little-known-story-of-how-slavery-infiltrated-california-and-the-american-west-165705, California Once Tried to Ban Black People, The hidden toll of Californias Black exodus, https://books.google.com/books?id=To13wGCf-9UC&q=african+americans+in+california&dq=african+americans+in+california&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwif9tnGtp35AhURvpQKHWLCBpIQ6AF6BAgLEAM, Black and Brown in Los Angeles: Beyond Conflict and Coalition, LATINO GANG MEMBERS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ARE TERRORIZING AND KILLING BLACKS, https://calisphere.org/exhibitions/t8/california-cultures-african-americans/, Racial/Ethnic Differences in Whos Leaving California, Births of U.S. states and territories by race/ethnicity, Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_Americans_in_California&oldid=1142153945, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles lacking reliable references from July 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Notable Black Californian politicians and political leaders, This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 20:22.

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